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直接引语和间接引语的概述

在直接引用别人的原话时，被引用的句子称为直接引语。在用直接引语时，引语前后都要加引号。引导引语的动词称为引用动词，如：say, ask, answer, reply等。引用动词多数放在后面，有时放在前面，间或插在引语中间。在把引用动词放在后面时，有时主语和动词位置可以颠倒(特别是主语较长时)。

例如：

“Who is it?” Ann shouted.  

“I never eat meat,” she explained. 

“Sit up,” he commanded, “and hold out your hands.” 

当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述的部分称为间接引语。这时被引语部分常常是引用动词的宾语。在多数情况下，引语都由连词that引导，但在say, tell等词后可以省略。

例如：He said (that) he had lost the bag.

           Tell her I am out. 

把直接引语变成间接引语时，要改变的内容

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1. 要根据意思改变人称。    

2. 要根据时态呼应的原则把时态加以调整。    

3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词也需要作必要的变动。

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各种句式变间接引语时要发生的变化

1. 陈述句

直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导 (that可省略)。例如：

Tony said to me, “ I will leave this book in your desk.” 

→Tony told me (that) he would leave that book in my desk.  

如果直接引语是表示建议、要求、推测、判断的陈述句，变为间接引语时，可以变为动词不定式、V-ing形式或含虚拟语气的宾语从句。

例如：

Jane said to Tony, “You’d better ask your friends for some advice.” 

→Jane advised Tony to ask his friends for some advice. 

→Jane suggested Tony asking his friends for some advice. 

→Jane advised/suggested that Tony (should) ask his friends for some advice.  

2. 一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句

直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导，同时把原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。

例如：

The woman asked me, “Can you show me the way to the nearest bookstore?” 

→The woman asked me whether/if I could show her the way to the nearest bookstore. 

直接引语是选择疑问句，变为间接引语时，通常用连词whether引导，同时把原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。例如：

My friend asked, “Will you come here by bus or by bike?” 

→My friend asked whether I would go there by bus or by bike. 

直接引语是反意疑问句，变为间接引语时，常由连词whether或if引导，同时把原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。

例如：

He asked, “This math problem is very difficult, isn’t it? 

→He asked whether/if that math problem was very difficult. 

3. 特殊疑问句

直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导，同时把原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。

例如： 

She asked, “Where do you come from, Tom?” 

→She asked Tom where he came from.

4. 表示请求、提议、建议或劝告等意义的疑问句

直接引语如果是此类疑问句，变为间接引语时，可以变为动词不定式、V-ing形式或含虚拟语气的宾语从句。

例如：

“Could you please tell me something about the trip?” David said to his sister. 

→David asked his sister to tell him something about the trip. 

“Why don’t you buy one for yourself?” she asked. 

→She advised me to buy one for myself.

→She suggested me buying one for myself. 

→She suggested/advised that I (should) buy one for myself.  

5. 祈使句

直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell, ask, order等动词。如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式的前面加not。

例如： 

Mrs. Lee said to her, “Please come here again tomorrow.” 

→Mrs. Lee asked her to go there again the next/following day. 

She said, “Don’t touch my book, Jack.” 

→She told Jack not to touch her book. 

6. 感叹句

直接引语是感叹句，变为间接引语时，可以用what, how或that引导。 

例如：

“What a sunny day it is!” she said. 

→She said what a sunny day it was./She said that it was a sunny day. 

She said, “How aloud this student sings!” 

→She said how aloud that student sang./She said that student sang very aloud. 

将直接引语变间接引语时，需要注意的问题

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1. 直接引语是客观事实、科学真理、谚语、习语、格言或为了表示引述的状态和情况到现在仍然是事实，变间接引语时，时态不变。

例如：

“Where there is no trust, there is no love,” said our teacher. 

→Our teacher said that where there is no trust, there is no love.

 Her father said to them, “She is a good girl.”

→Her father told them she is a good girl.

2. 直接引语中有表示过去某年、某月或某日等具体的时间作状语，变间接引语时，时态一般不变。

例如：

William said, “I was born in 1988.” 

→William said that he was born in 1988. 

但当直接引语中有以since, while, when等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，变间接引语时，状语从句中的一般过去时不变，但主句的谓语动词则要改为过去完成时。例如：

She said, “I went there when I was ten years old.”

→She said that she had gone there when she was ten years old. 

3. 如果就在当地或当天转述，here不必变为there，动词come不必变为go；yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

例如： 

“Just come here to wait for me after school,” said my mother. 

→My mother asked me to just come here to wait for her after school. 

“I am now a Chinese citizen,” Henry said proudly. 

→Henry said proudly that he is now a Chinese citizen.