在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句,它内容完整,句型结构较为复杂,主句和从句时态搭配要求严格,在中考试题中频频出现。由于宾语从句涉及到引导词、语序、时态等多方面的内容,所以宾语从句的用法一直是学习的重点难点。
一、宾语从句中引导词的用法
在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有:
连词:that(that常可省略),whether, if
代词:who,whose, what ,which
副词:when,where, how, why等。
(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)
在以下情况中that不能省略
1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,但后面的that不可省。例句:
He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.[
2、当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时,that一般不可省。
例句:Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3、当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that不可省。
例句:
I can’ttell him that his mother died.
注意事项:许多带复合宾语的句子,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it作形式宾语。
例句:I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
(二)由whether, if引导的宾语从句
由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来,在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用,但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
例句:I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
只能用whether,不能用if引导的宾语从句
1、在带to的不定式前
例句:We decided whether to walk there.
2、在介词的后面
例句:I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.[
3、在动词后面的宾语从句时
例句:We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
4、直接与or not连用时
例句:I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.
只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句
5、if引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”
例句:The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
6、if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
例句:He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
7、引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好象)时
例句:He talks as if he has known all about it.
二、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下:
I don’t know what they are looking for.
三、宾语从句的时态
1、主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2、主句是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3、当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。
例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
四、宾语从句的特点
1、宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2、宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3、连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成份,多数情况下可以省略。
4、whether和if都可引导宾语从句,但whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5、如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it.
五、who,what,when等引导具有特殊疑问句意义的宾语从句。
特殊疑问句作为宾语从句时,用原来的连接代词或连接词引导,它们在从句中充当一定成分,有具体的意义,不可省略。
Show me what you have written.
把你所写的给我看看。
Idon’tknow whose dictionary it is.
我不知道这是谁的字典。
Could you please tell me where the post office is?
你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗?[
【典例分析】
What did Mike say? He said ____________________.
A. if you are free the next week
B. what colour was it
C. the weather is fine
D.summer comes after spring
【答案】D