笔记百科苏里南是个怎样的国家？
优质回答
苏里南共和国面积16.3万平方公里，人口56.3万（2017），时年GDP近30亿美元（2014年高达52.3亿，大幅走低因货币贬值）。
1、三个“圭亚那”之一：美大陆东北部有三个非伊比利亚国家，史上统称“圭亚那”（语源有二，印第安语“水乡”、部落名称），最终的殖民者分别是英国-圭亚那、荷兰-苏里南（语源有二，“多岩石的激流”、部落名称）、法属圭亚那。
2、西班牙何以“弃之”：1498年哥伦布第三次美洲之行中圭亚那被“发现”，彼时三地根本没有明确界限且环境相似——林深水漫，没有黄金白银，印第安人劳力不多，因此被西班牙人弃之一旁。
3、自然地理：属圭亚那高原，南高北低，由北向南可分为沿海平原、热带草原和内陆丛林三个自然区。沿海平原集中全国90%以上的人口和主要城镇；草原地带为牧业区和铝土产地；南部丛林区占国土面积80%以上，分布有四大山脉，，森林密布，树种多达2000个，全国森林覆盖在90%左右，为全球森林覆盖率最高国家，该国雨林被认为是世界最后几个人迹罕至的野生地区之一。矿产中铝土蕴藏丰厚，还有黄金、沿海石油等。
属热带雨林气候，年均气温23℃-27℃，年降水2000毫米以上。全年分雨季和旱季。
4、人文地理：人口不多却来自“五湖四海”，素有“小联合国”之称：印度裔占35％，克里奥尔人（黑白混血）占32％，印度尼西亚人（又称“爪哇人”）占15％，丛林黑人（马隆人）占10％，印第安人占3％，华人占3％，另有英国、法国、荷兰、德国、美国、葡萄牙、黎巴嫩、犹太人等约占2％。
语言“万花筒”，荷兰语为官方语言，通用一种建立在英、荷、葡、西非语基础上的混杂语（称“斯拉南通戈语”或苏里南语），再有英语、法语、印地语、爪哇语、汉语（客家）和丛林黑人、印第安人的部族语言——法定语言。48%信基督教，27%印度教，伊斯兰教20%，佛教2%。
5、荷兰苏裔：低地之国有18万苏里南旅居者和12万苏里南人后裔，足球名将古利特、里杰卡尔德两人至少有1/2苏里南血统。
6、华人存在感：苏里南的华人分两部分，最初的来自邻国圭亚那，他们主要从事商贸，已融入当地社会。20世纪90年代至今，又有1万多华人移入，他们经营数百家商铺、饭店、公司或赌场，据称如今全国90%的超市、杂货店、食品店掌握在华人手中。西方媒体报道，21世纪第二个十年开始，中国取代荷兰成为苏里南最大的援助国，涉及外交部大楼、军援、建筑、国家电视网、新能源、水产等各个领域。
7、现代国家：1975年，苏里南以共和制宣告独立。
多族群、多元文化之下，各族经济和社会地位差异明显。政党多有民族背景，加上外部势力影响，难以形成发展共识，从1980至1990年，该国接连发生军事政变。1986—1992年，“丛林黑人”先后在东部和西部开展游击战。1991年大选后，该国局势逐渐平静，军人干政成为历史。
市场经济下的苏里南由于独立较晚，社会经济基础较差，投资法规不完善，经济发展缓慢。近年来，政府致力改革，初步改变过度依赖铝土资源和国外援助的发展模式，国家经济保持稳定增长，跨入中高收入国家行列，预期寿命71.5岁。
8、多元文化：在集中了全国近半人口的首都帕拉马里博，热闹的街道旁商店林立，荷兰建筑、印度神殿、基督教堂与清真寺互不相扰，各种肤色人群、多种语言文字汇成一股股文化溪流，既“井水不犯河水”，又汇合交融，浸淫着这块古老而多水的土地……
圭亚那和苏里南是独立国家为什么不参加美洲杯呢？
优质回答
原因在于苏里南、圭亚那属于中北美及加勒比海地区足联，美洲杯并于是地理上南美地区国家球队的杯赛，而是一项由南美足协成员国参加的最重要国家级足球赛事，类似于澳大利亚属于大洋洲却加入亚足联一样，苏里南、圭亚那虽然地处南美，但是不是南美足协的成员国。
如果往前追溯历史：
圭亚那是前英国殖民地，苏里南是荷兰殖民地，于南美大陆的西班牙语和葡萄牙语国家在历史、文化、赛季安排、有很大不同。
另一个重要的原因是因为，圭亚那和苏里南在足球水平上与南美其余国家差距巨大，因此在上个世纪60-70年代独立后，没有被南美足联所接受。
不过值得一提的是，作为荷兰曾经殖民地的苏里南虽然本身足球水平不行，但是却为荷兰足球贡献了多名具有苏里南血统的足球巨星。其中包括了荷兰三剑客中的古利特，里杰卡尔德，还有戴维斯，西多夫，克鲁伊维特等，现役球员中，利物浦主力中卫范戴克也拥有苏里南的血统。
苏里南明年选举谁会当总统？
优质回答
苏里南是南美东部海岸国家，地区影响力较少，若是不牵扯美国利益，国家总统选举应该会正常进行，但至于谁会成为下一届总统，对中国来说意义不大。另外，总统选举，作为局外人没啥可说的，希望他们能选出合适领导人。
[VOA英译汉-双语][5]James Monroe: Likeable 詹姆斯·门罗：令人喜爱的总统
America’s Presidents – James Monroe 美国总统 — 詹姆斯·门罗
VOA Learning English presents America’s Presidents.
美国之音慢速英语介绍美国总统栏目。
James Monroe easily won election in 1816. He had a relaxed[1]， likeable personality and was popular with voters. In addition， many saw him as a last connection to the country’s founding generation.
詹姆斯·门罗很轻易地就赢取了1816年的选举。他性格随和，受人爱戴，在选民当中很受欢迎。另外，很多人都视他为美国建国一代的最后纽带（总
Monroe had fought in George Washington’s army during the Revolutionary War against British rule.
独立战争时期，门罗参加了乔治·华盛顿的军队来抵抗
He was a diplomat during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency and helped complete the Louisiana Purchase.
他是托马斯·杰斐逊执政时期的外交官，并且帮助杰斐逊完成了路易斯安那
Monroe served as James Madison’s secretary of state — and briefly as his secretary of war， as well – during the War of 1812.
门罗是詹姆斯·麦迪逊时期的国务卿（1811-1817） — 1812年战争时期也短暂做过战争部长（1814-1815）。
Voters’ positive[2] feelings carried Monroe into office and defined his presidency.
选民对门罗的好感让他进入了总统办公室。
选民对门罗的好感让他进入了总统办公室。
When Monroe became president， the United States had just declared victory against British forces in the War of 1812. The American economy also was doing well， at least at first. And the government was mostly united under a single party.
当门罗成为总统时，美国刚刚宣布在1812年战争中战胜了英国军队。美国经济也表现良好，至少一开始是这样的。并且，政府在一个政党的领导下基本团结
But Monroe did have one immediate problem: He and his wife， Elizabeth， could not move into the president’s house right away. The British had burned it badly in an attack on Washington， D.C. Workers were busy making repairs.
但门罗确实遇到了一个迫在眉睫的问题：他和他的妻子伊丽莎白不能立即搬进总统住宅，因为在英国对华盛顿特区的一场袭击中被烧毁了，工人们正忙着
So， Monroe decided to go on a trip. He spent the first weeks of his presidency traveling.
所以，门罗决定去旅行。他总统任期的前几个星期都在
reminded[3] Americans of their shared， proud history. He even wore clothes in the old colonial style. One of Monroe’s nicknames is “the last of the cocked hats.”
他往北去了新英格兰，拜访了独立战争和1812年战争时期的许多地方。他每到一个地方都唤起了美国民众共同并骄傲的历史。他甚至穿着具有旧殖民时期风格的衣服。门罗的一个昵称是“最后一顶三角
Then President Monroe turned west， toward lands that white migrants were increasingly settling. They were able to move west in part because American soldiers had defeated a powerful alliance of Native American tribes.
然后，门罗总统折向了西部，去往越来越多白人移民者定居的地方。他们之所以能够定居西部，在某种程度上是因为美军击败了美洲印第安人强大的部落
What had been a victory for the U.S. government was a crushing[4] loss[5] for Native Americans. Many tribes moved farther west. Others began to lose their languages and their customs as white settlers took control.
美国政府的胜利对于印第安人来说是一份沉重的损失。许多部落迁往了西部更远的地方。一些其他的部落因为白人定居者的控制，开始失去他们的语言和
For Monroe， however， the visit west was a positive sign of the country’s expansion.
然而，对门罗来说，西部之旅是国家拓展的一个积极
By the time he returned to Washington， Monroe had met many Americans. He had learned for himself the geography[6] of the country. And he had demonstrated that all parts of the U.S. could be connected by patriotism and a common federal government.
当门罗回到华盛顿的时候，他已经见过了很多美国人，并且了解了国家的地理形势。他证明了美国的所有部分都可以通过爱国主义和共同的联邦政府来
One newspaper called Monroe’s presidency the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.”
那时的一份报纸称门罗总统是“和睦年代”的
Four years later， Monroe won a second term even more easily than his first.
四年后，门罗甚至比第一届还容易就赢得了第二届任期。
second term even more easi
Yet James Monroe’s presidency had several crises.
然而詹姆斯·门罗总统遇到了一些
One was the country’s first economic depression in more than 30 years.
其中之一就是国家30多年来首次出现的经济
Another was over slavery. The country had been divided over[7] the issue since its founding. By the end of 1819， eleven states， all in the South， permitted slavery. Eleven states， all in the North， did not.
另一个就是关于蓄奴，从国家建立以来就一直存在着分歧。1819年末，南方的11个州是允许蓄奴的，而北方的11个州是不允
The question became: Would the new states in the West permit it？
然而问题是：西部新州允许蓄
Monroe had to face the question when settlers asked Congress permission for Missouri Territory to become a state. Many enslaved people already lived there. White settlers expected to bring more.
当密苏里领地的居民向国会申请作为新的一州加入联邦时，门罗不得不面对这个问题。许多奴隶已经住在那儿，白人定居者希望携带更多
But a member of Congress from a Northern state proposed that Missouri could become a state only if it banned slavery. That proposal started a debate that lasted more than a year.
但是北方一个州的国会议员提出密苏里只有禁止蓄奴才能够加入联邦，提案开始了长达一年多的
For the most part， the debate was not based on the moral problems with people owning other people. Instead， it involved economic and political concerns.
在很大程度上，辩论不是基于蓄奴的道德问题，而是关于经济和政治
Northerners argued that slave-holding states had an unfair economic advantage[8]. In addition， if Missouri entered the Union as a slave state， its lawmakers would move the balance of power toward the South.
北方认为蓄奴州会有不公平的经济优势。另外，如果密苏里作为蓄奴州进入联邦，立法者会把权利的天平倾向
The debate continued so long that another area asked to enter the Union. People in northern Massachusetts wanted to organize into an independent state called Maine.
辩论持续了很久，当时另一个地区也要求加入联邦。马萨诸塞州的北部居民想组织成立一个独立的州叫缅
After some time， lawmakers offered a compromise. They said Maine could be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. But they also made a line across a map of the country. They said Congress would not admit another slave state north of that line.
经过一段时间，立法者提供了一份妥协方案，缅因州作为自由州而密苏里作为蓄奴州加入联邦。并且划了一条线（北纬36.5°，密苏里州南界纬度），在界线以北地区禁止蓄奴。
another slave state north of that line.
经过一
James Monroe signed into law[9] what became known as the Missouri Compromise. It settledthe issue of slavery， at least officially， in the U.S. for more than 20 years. But everyone knew that the peace between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups was only temporary.
詹姆斯·门罗签署了这项《密苏里妥协》法律，至少官方上它解决了美国20多年的蓄奴问题。但其实所有人都知道，支持和反对蓄奴集团之间的和平只是暂时的。
-slavery and anti-sla
In 1823， Monroe made one of the most important foreign policy decisions in American history. It became known as the Monroe Doctrine. It related to Spain’s colonies in Latin America.
1823年，门罗发表了美国历史上最重要的一个外交政策，叫做门罗主义。它是关于西班牙在拉丁美洲的殖民
Monroe had dealt with Spain before. In his first term， he and his secretary of state， John Quincy Adams， successfully negotiated with Spain to buy Florida for the United States.
门罗之前已经与西班牙交涉过。在他的第一届任期内，他和国务卿约翰·昆西·亚当斯成功地与西班牙达成协议购买了佛罗尼
By Monroe’s second term， Spain had also lost control of some of its former colonies in Latin America. The president became concerned that Spain’s European allies would try to help the country re-gain power. He did not want European powers interfering in areas so close to U.S. territory and so important to U.S. trade.
门罗的第二届任期内，西班牙已经失去了部分拉丁美洲的殖民统治，但他担心西班牙的欧洲联盟会试图帮助西班牙重新获取统治权。他不希望欧洲势力干预邻近美国领土的地区，并且这对美国贸易是很重要的。
So Monroe gave a speech to Congress. He said the U.S. would stay out of Europe’s affairs[10]. But he said Europe should also stay out of Latin America’s affairs.
所以门罗在国会发表了演讲。他说，美国不会干预欧洲事务，但欧洲也不应该干预拉丁美洲
And， Monroe declared that European powers would not be permitted to begin colonizing any area in the Western Hemisphere.
并且，门罗宣称不允许欧洲势力殖民西半球的任何
In other words， Monroe declared that the U.S. considered the entire Western Hemisphere its sphere of influence[11].
换句话说，门罗宣称美国会将整个西半球都视为其势力
Historians note that Monroe did not aim for the declaration to be a major statement. But it became a base of American foreign policy and supported U.S. expansion throughout the 19th century.
历史学家注意到，门罗的目的并不是把宣言作为一项重要的声明，但这却成为了美国外交政策的基础，并且帮助美国在整个19世纪的扩张。
ecame a base
James Monroe was the fourth and last president in the “Virginia Dynasty[12].” Except for John Adams， four of the first five American presidents were from Virginia.
詹姆斯·门罗是第四位也是最后一位“弗吉尼亚时代”的总统。除了詹姆斯·亚当斯，前五位美国总统当中有四位来自
irginia Dynasty[12].” Except for John Adams， four of the first five American presidents were from Virginia.
nia.
Monroe and his wife returned to their home there after he left office. They had a close relationship with each other， as well as with their two surviving children， both daughters.
门罗卸任总统后和妻子返回了他们的庄园。他和妻子，以及两个幸存的女儿之间的感情
Unlike many politicians of his time， Monroe had brought his family with him on his travels. He also believed strongly in education for girls. When the Monroes lived in France， young Eliza Monroe attended the best school for girls in Paris.
与他同时期的许多政治家不同，门罗在旅行中携带着他的家人。他非常认同对女儿的教育。当门罗一家居住在法国时，年轻的伊莉莎·门罗（大女儿）参加了当时最好的巴黎女子
This loving family spent as much time together as possible. So， when Elizabeth Monroe died， James Monroe was filled with sorrow. His health also began to fail.
这一友爱的家庭尽可能地花时间在一起。所以，当伊丽莎白·门罗去世时，詹姆斯·门罗伤心欲绝（给门罗以极大打击），他的健康也开始（随之）
He moved to the house of his younger daughter， Maria， in New York City. James Monroe died there one year later， at age 73.
他搬到了小女儿玛利亚在纽约的家中。一年后，詹姆斯·门罗在女儿家离开了人世，终年7
Like two other former presidents， Monroe died on the 4th of July – America’s birthday.
与前两位总统一样，门罗也死于7月4
ere one year later， at age 73.
他搬到了小女儿玛利亚在纽约的家中。一年后，詹姆斯·门罗在女儿家离开了人世，终年7
Like two other former presidents， Monroe died on the 4th of July – America’s birthday.
与前两位总统一样，门罗也死于7月4日 — 美国国庆日。
死于7月4日 — 美国国庆日。
有一个国家对中国免签，汉语定位为国语，你知道是哪个国家吗？
优质回答
估计你要说新加坡了。
你别自以为是，别自作多情，别随便欺骗网民。
①新加坡没有对中国大陆免签。对持有台湾、香港和澳门护照的可免签。
②马来语为新加坡的国语。
③新加坡是个多语种的国家，官方语言有马来语、英语、华语和泰米尔语。（注：华语≠普通话。）
新加坡才不对中国普通护照免签，并且新加坡的国语不是汉语，而是马来语。在新加坡，英语，汉语，印第语（印度的语言）都算官方通行语言。但宪法规定的国语只有一个，马来语，并且熟练掌握国语的人不多，英语是实际最通行的语言。
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